Two-dimensional Force Sensing Whisker Based on a WGM Microbubble Resonator

Yiming Shen; Zhe Wang; V. R. Anand; Zhuochen Wang; Rayhan Habib Jibon; Anuradha Rout; Bo Cai; Qiang Wu; Yuliya Semenova

doi:10.1109/JLT.2025.3628052

Two-dimensional Force Sensing Whisker Based on a WGM Microbubble Resonator

Yiming Shen
, Zhe Wang
, V. R. Anand
, Zhuochen Wang
, Rayhan Habib Jibon
, Anuradha Rout
, Bo Cai
, Qiang Wu
, Yuliya Semenova

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

We present an all-optical two-dimensional (2D) force sensor utilizing cascaded whispering gallery mode (WGM) microbubble resonators (MBRs). The 2D force sensing system is composed of two MBRs formed along a single microcapillary (a sensing “whisker”), two glass supports, and two tapered fibers. By using a characteristic sensing matrix to decouple the cross sensitivity to forces in orthogonal directions, the sensor achieves force sensitivities of 118.14 pm/mN (x-axis) and 177.12 pm/mN (y- axis). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a WGM-based sensor capable of sensing 2D forces on the lateral plane, highlighting its potential for robotics and biomedical applications that require high-precision vectorial force measurements.

Original language	English (Ireland)
Pages (from-to)	2521-2527
Journal	Journal of Lightwave Technology
Volume	44
Issue number	7
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3628052
Publication status	Published - 31 Oct 2025

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Cite this

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title = "Two-dimensional Force Sensing Whisker Based on a WGM Microbubble Resonator",

abstract = "We present an all-optical two-dimensional (2D) force sensor utilizing cascaded whispering gallery mode (WGM) microbubble resonators (MBRs). The 2D force sensing system is composed of two MBRs formed along a single microcapillary (a sensing {\textquotedblleft}whisker{\textquotedblright}), two glass supports, and two tapered fibers. By using a characteristic sensing matrix to decouple the cross sensitivity to forces in orthogonal directions, the sensor achieves force sensitivities of 118.14 pm/mN (x-axis) and 177.12 pm/mN (y- axis). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a WGM-based sensor capable of sensing 2D forces on the lateral plane, highlighting its potential for robotics and biomedical applications that require high-precision vectorial force measurements.",

author = "Yiming Shen and Zhe Wang and Anand, \{V. R.\} and Zhuochen Wang and Jibon, \{Rayhan Habib\} and Anuradha Rout and Bo Cai and Qiang Wu and Yuliya Semenova",

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doi = "10.1109/JLT.2025.3628052",

language = "English (Ireland)",

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AU - Shen, Yiming

AU - Wang, Zhe

AU - Anand, V. R.

AU - Wang, Zhuochen

AU - Jibon, Rayhan Habib

AU - Rout, Anuradha

AU - Cai, Bo

AU - Wu, Qiang

AU - Semenova, Yuliya

PY - 2025/10/31

Y1 - 2025/10/31

N2 - We present an all-optical two-dimensional (2D) force sensor utilizing cascaded whispering gallery mode (WGM) microbubble resonators (MBRs). The 2D force sensing system is composed of two MBRs formed along a single microcapillary (a sensing “whisker”), two glass supports, and two tapered fibers. By using a characteristic sensing matrix to decouple the cross sensitivity to forces in orthogonal directions, the sensor achieves force sensitivities of 118.14 pm/mN (x-axis) and 177.12 pm/mN (y- axis). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a WGM-based sensor capable of sensing 2D forces on the lateral plane, highlighting its potential for robotics and biomedical applications that require high-precision vectorial force measurements.

AB - We present an all-optical two-dimensional (2D) force sensor utilizing cascaded whispering gallery mode (WGM) microbubble resonators (MBRs). The 2D force sensing system is composed of two MBRs formed along a single microcapillary (a sensing “whisker”), two glass supports, and two tapered fibers. By using a characteristic sensing matrix to decouple the cross sensitivity to forces in orthogonal directions, the sensor achieves force sensitivities of 118.14 pm/mN (x-axis) and 177.12 pm/mN (y- axis). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a WGM-based sensor capable of sensing 2D forces on the lateral plane, highlighting its potential for robotics and biomedical applications that require high-precision vectorial force measurements.

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105020711544

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JO - Journal of Lightwave Technology

JF - Journal of Lightwave Technology

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ER -

Two-dimensional Force Sensing Whisker Based on a WGM Microbubble Resonator

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