Smart packaging for sustainability and waste reduction

The transition to smart and sustainable packaging is vital for addressing environmental concerns, reducing food waste, and improving supply chain efficiency. This chapter critically reviews the integration of biodegradable and recyclable materials such as polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), starch-based films, and cellulose with intelligent technologies including RFID, sensors, and digital indicators. While these innovations enhance shelf life, traceability, and consumer interaction, challenges persist due to high production costs, limited recyclability of embedded electronics, inadequate end-of-life infrastructure, and fragmented regulatory standards. The chapter highlights emerging advances in bio-based conductors, printed electronics, and pH-sensitive films, as well as strategies to overcome technical and systemic barriers. A shift toward cradle-to-cradle packaging models and harmonized international policies is essential to accelerate adoption. This chapter emphasizes the importance of cross-sectoral collaboration among scientists, industry, and policymakers to facilitate a scalable, circular economy. Future innovation must prioritize fully biodegradable smart packaging and informed consumer behavior.