Knowledge Management

In understanding how to effectively manage knowledge, one needs to first recognize what constitutes “knowledge.” Blumentritt and Johnston (1999) explain that knowledge is sometimes used interchangeably with information, and in this case, the focus should be on information management as a proxy for knowledge management. However, several interpretations of what constitutes knowledge exist, suggesting that it is much more than information or data management (Carrillo et al. 2000). Grant (1996) also explained that knowledge must be transferable and have the capacity to be aggregated and appropriated.

One of the key concepts of knowledge was put forward by Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), who defined knowledge as a dynamic human process of justifying personal belief toward the “truth” (i.e., a justified true belief). Later, Zack (1999) presented that for organizations to stay competitive, they must learn how to effectively and efficiently create, locate, capture, and share knowledge...