Enhancing 3D scaffold performance for bone tissue engineering: A comprehensive review of modification and functionalization strategies

Bone tissue engineering holds promise for addressing bone injuries by using biomaterial-based 3D scaffolds. The efficacy of these scaffolds is paramount, relying heavily on their ability to interact with cells and facilitate tissue regeneration. This comprehensive review delves into various modification and functionalization strategies to enhance the performance of biomaterial 3D scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. The review encompasses a wide range of techniques, including physical methods such as surface roughening and patterning, and chemical modifications like plasma treatment and functional group grafting. Additionally, surface-coating approaches employing biomolecules and nanoparticles are explored. Synthesizing current research findings offers valuable insights into optimizing biomaterial scaffolds for effective bone tissue regeneration applications. In addition, discussions encompass the influence of scaffold morphology, mechanical properties, and degradation kinetics on cellular responses and tissue integration. By thoroughly examining these strategies, future research will be guided toward developing advanced biomaterial scaffolds tailored specifically for bone tissue engineering applications.