Energy security in Central and Eastern Europe: the nuclear policy dilemma

Nuclear energy is undergoing a global resurgence driven by rising energy demand resulting from the triple-axis transition (i.e. green, digital, and defence transitions). However, its dual nature presents a complex challenge and a significant policy dilemma: nuclear power offers a low-carbon, reliable baseload energy source, but it is also linked to defence through its potential use in the development of weapons of mass destruction. This study examines the Central and Eastern European (CEE) energy mix by integrating a Bibliometric Systematic Literature Review and econometric modelling that enable a robust research framework. The research findings reveal the region’s strong dependence on fossil fuels, highlighting the need for diversification. Increasing uranium demand, growing geopolitical risks, and AI-driven energy needs intensify pressures, requiring European policymakers to reassess nuclear energy’s strategic role amid growing energy security uncertainty.