Cyber Resilience, Risk Management, and Security Challenges in Enterprise-Scale Cloud Systems: Comprehensive Review

The cyberthreat landscape is constantly evolving with the rapid development of cloud computing. Today, businesses and consumers rely heavily on cloud infrastructure, which provides high availability and resilient systems. However, cloud and IoT platforms contain vulnerabilities that can compromise data confidentiality, integrity, and availability, leading to disruptions in service operations. These significant challenges pose serious threats such as vulnerabilities, misconfigurations, data breaches, faulty hardware, and application failures with high costs. IBM reports that the average cost of a data breach worldwide is approximately US4.5 million per incident. This highlights the need for adequately designed resilience systems with high availability and fault tolerance. This paper examines the relationship between resilience and failure in enterprise cloud systems caused by cyberattacks. The metrics for measuring exposure and risk in the cloud and IoT and present quantifiable metrics to assess vulnerability and risk. Additionally, we explore various approaches to mitigate risk and enhance resilience.