TY - JOUR
T1 - Comparison at the first prenatal visit of the maternal dietary intakes of smokers with non-smokers in a large maternity hospital
T2 - a cross-sectional study
AU - O'Malley, Eimer G.
AU - Cawley, Shona
AU - Reynolds, Ciara M.E.
AU - Kennedy, Rachel A.K.
AU - Molloy, Anne
AU - Turner, Michael J.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2018. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.
PY - 2018
Y1 - 2018
N2 - Objectives Using detailed dietary and supplement questionnaires in early pregnancy, we compared the dietary intakes of micronutrients and macronutrients at the first prenatal visit of women who reported continuing to smoke during pregnancy with the intakes of women who were non-smokers. Design Cross-sectional study conducted between June 2014 and March 2016. setting Stand-alone tertiary maternity hospital in an urban setting with approximately 8000 deliveries per year. Participants Women were recruited at their convenience after sonographic confirmation of an ongoing singleton pregnancy (n=502). Detailed dietary and supplement information was available for 398 women. Women <18 years and those who did not speak English fluently were excluded. Primary and secondary outcome measures The differences in dietary micronutrients and macronutrients and maternal folate levels between women who continued to smoke in pregnancy compared with nonsmokers. results Of the 502 women, the mean age was 30.5 (SD 5.6) years, 42.5% were nulliparas, 19.2% were obese and 398 (79.3%) completed the questionnaire satisfactorily. In the 50 (12.6%) current smokers, the micronutrients magnesium, iron, carotene and copper were lower (all p<0.005) whereas sodium and chloride were higher compared with the 348 (87.4%) non-smokers. Smokers reported lower intakes of dietary total folate (p=0.006) compared with non-smokers (i.e., dietary folate equivalents; intake from natural and fortified dietary sources) (p=0.005). Smokers also reported lower intakes of fibre than non-smokers (13.1 g (IQR 7.7) vs 16.3 g (IQR 8.5), p<0.001). The dietary intakes of former smokers compared favourably with non-smokers. Conclusions We found that women who continue to smoke during pregnancy have serious dietary inadequacies which could potentially aggravate fetal growth restriction associated with direct toxicity from cigarettes. This provides a further reason to promote smoking cessation interventions in pregnancy, and highlights the need for dietary and supplementation interventions in women who continue to smoke.
AB - Objectives Using detailed dietary and supplement questionnaires in early pregnancy, we compared the dietary intakes of micronutrients and macronutrients at the first prenatal visit of women who reported continuing to smoke during pregnancy with the intakes of women who were non-smokers. Design Cross-sectional study conducted between June 2014 and March 2016. setting Stand-alone tertiary maternity hospital in an urban setting with approximately 8000 deliveries per year. Participants Women were recruited at their convenience after sonographic confirmation of an ongoing singleton pregnancy (n=502). Detailed dietary and supplement information was available for 398 women. Women <18 years and those who did not speak English fluently were excluded. Primary and secondary outcome measures The differences in dietary micronutrients and macronutrients and maternal folate levels between women who continued to smoke in pregnancy compared with nonsmokers. results Of the 502 women, the mean age was 30.5 (SD 5.6) years, 42.5% were nulliparas, 19.2% were obese and 398 (79.3%) completed the questionnaire satisfactorily. In the 50 (12.6%) current smokers, the micronutrients magnesium, iron, carotene and copper were lower (all p<0.005) whereas sodium and chloride were higher compared with the 348 (87.4%) non-smokers. Smokers reported lower intakes of dietary total folate (p=0.006) compared with non-smokers (i.e., dietary folate equivalents; intake from natural and fortified dietary sources) (p=0.005). Smokers also reported lower intakes of fibre than non-smokers (13.1 g (IQR 7.7) vs 16.3 g (IQR 8.5), p<0.001). The dietary intakes of former smokers compared favourably with non-smokers. Conclusions We found that women who continue to smoke during pregnancy have serious dietary inadequacies which could potentially aggravate fetal growth restriction associated with direct toxicity from cigarettes. This provides a further reason to promote smoking cessation interventions in pregnancy, and highlights the need for dietary and supplementation interventions in women who continue to smoke.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85069285183&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2018-021721
DO - 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2018-021721
M3 - Article
SN - 2044-6055
VL - 8
JO - BMJ Open
JF - BMJ Open
IS - 7
M1 - e021721
ER -