Biological Approaches to Fish Biomass Waste Processing: Microbial Fermentation and Enzymatic Conversion Strategies

The demand for improved valorization is focusing attention on methods for extracting significant bioactive compounds from seafood byproducts, such as bones, heads, skin, frames, fins, shells, guts, and viscera. It is also important to use green extraction techniques to produce these bioactive compounds in a high-quality and efficient manner. The percentages of these viscera fluctuate based on the species, habitat, diet and taxonomy. Fish waste is an efficient source of various bioactive materials such as amino acids, peptides, enzymes, gelatine, collagen, chitin, vitamins, polyphenolic components, carotenoids and omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Fish wastes are additionally considered to be an effective and affordable source of material for making biodiesel. Depending on their functional and structural properties, these high-value compounds have application across a variety of industrial sectors, such as food, nutraceuticals, pharmacology, medicine, and agriculture. As compared to conventional methods, biobased methods considered environment friendly, and sustainable techniques including enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation extraction procedures offer additional benefits which promote sustainability and enable to achieve number of United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In enzymatic hydrolysis process fish waste breakdown into proteins, peptides and amino acids using various enzymes rather than harsh chemicals. Similarly, microbial fermentation technologies minimize pollution and negative effects on the environment by turning fish waste into beneficial chemicals, biofuels, fertilizers, and animal feed. The ultimate purpose of this study is to prevent environmental contamination from inappropriate waste disposal and boost the nutritional value of fish waste through microbial fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis methods. Additionally, a brief discussion of the value-added goods and other practical applications of fish waste by-products is provided.