Application of biosynthesized nanocatalysts in microalgae biofuel conversion processes: Challenges, technological advances, and environmental impacts

An exponential increase in the world's population has resulted in an increased demand for energy. The exploitation of fossil fuels has led to an increase in the release of carbon emissions, which contributes to climate change and various health effects. Therefore, there has been a shift toward the use of biofuels that reduce fossil fuel emissions and are sustainable in nature. In biofuel trends, microalgae ensure a special reserve as an eco-friendly biofuel production. Also, nanocatalysts play an important role in improving the production performance of microalgal biofuels. In this chapter, a profound considerate of the process parameters of converting microalgae into biofuels has been deliberated. The roles of nanocatalysts and biosynthesized nanocatalysts have also been highlighted. Key findings suggest that biosynthesized and/or green route synthesized nanocatalysts effectively improve microalgal biofuel efficiency. Thus, the application of biosynthesized nanocatalysts advances the competence and sustainability of microalgal biofuels.