Abscopal effects, clastogenic effects and bystander effects: 70 years of non-Targeted effects of radiation

In vitro and in vivo observations accumulated over several decades have firmly shown that the biological effects of ionizing radiation can spread from irradiated cells/tissues to nontargeted cells/tissues. Redox-modulated intercellular communication mechanisms that include a role for secreted factors and gap junctions, can mediate these non-Targeted effects. Clearly, the expression of such effects and their transmission to progeny cells has implications for issues related to radiation protection. Their elucidation is also relevant towards enhancing the efficacy of cancer radiotherapy and reducing its impact on the development of normal tissue toxicities. In addition, the study of non-Targeted effects is pertinent to our basic understanding of intercellular communications under conditions of oxidative stress. This review will trace the history of non-Targeted effects of radiation starting with early reports of abscopal effects which described radiation induced effects in tissues distant from the site of radiation exposure. A related effect involved the production of clastogenic factors in plasma following irradiation which can induce chromosome damage in unirradiated cells. Despite these early reports suggesting non-Targeted effects of radiation, the classical paradigm that a direct deposition of energy in the nucleus was required still dominated. This paradigm was challenged by papers describing radiation induced bystander effects. This review will cover mechanisms of radiation-induced bystander effects and the potential impacts on radiation protection and radiation therapy.